PHP Laravel framework入門(2) – 簡単なプログラムを作る

2017/08/29 2019/12/23
タグ: Framework, Laravel, php, 入門

本章では最初に簡単なhello worldを表示するプログラムを作成し基本的なLaravelの使い方を学んできます。まず最初にLaravelの環境構築で欠かせないコマンドartisanコマンドの機能のコレクションを確認してみましょう。

artisanコマンド

artisanがサポートするコマンド機能の一覧を確認してみましょう。artisanコマンドは機能が豊富で特に便利なのは他のフレームワークでも出てくるscaffoldな機能です。つまりコントローラやモデル、ビューをある程度雛形で用意してくれる機能を持っています。ゼロから作業するとMVCの関係性をもたせてプログラムを編んでゆく必要があり骨の折れる仕事ですがこの機能を使うと自動生成で雛形を生成するため作業が楽になります。また必要とするデータベースの定義をするとモデルやDB操作を簡単にするORMの機能、DB＆テーブルを自動生成してくれます。

$ php artisan list
Laravel Framework 5.4.35

Usage:
  command [options] [arguments]

Options:
  -h, --help            Display this help message
  -q, --quiet           Do not output any message
  -V, --version         Display this application version
      --ansi            Force ANSI output
      --no-ansi         Disable ANSI output
  -n, --no-interaction  Do not ask any interactive question
      --env[=ENV]       The environment the command should run under
  -v|vv|vvv, --verbose  Increase the verbosity of messages: 1 for normal output, 2 for more verbose output and 3 for debug

Available commands:
  clear-compiled       Remove the compiled class file
  down                 Put the application into maintenance mode
  env                  Display the current framework environment
  help                 Displays help for a command
  inspire              Display an inspiring quote
  list                 Lists commands
  migrate              Run the database migrations
  optimize             Optimize the framework for better performance
  serve                Serve the application on the PHP development server
  tinker               Interact with your application
  up                   Bring the application out of maintenance mode
 app
  app:name             Set the application namespace
 auth
  auth:clear-resets    Flush expired password reset tokens
 cache
  cache:clear          Flush the application cache
  cache:forget         Remove an item from the cache
  cache:table          Create a migration for the cache database table
 config
  config:cache         Create a cache file for faster configuration loading
  config:clear         Remove the configuration cache file
 db
  db:seed              Seed the database with records
 event
  event:generate       Generate the missing events and listeners based on registration
 key
  key:generate         Set the application key
 make
  make:auth            Scaffold basic login and registration views and routes
  make:command         Create a new Artisan command
  make:controller      Create a new controller class
  make:event           Create a new event class
  make:job             Create a new job class
  make:listener        Create a new event listener class
  make:mail            Create a new email class
  make:middleware      Create a new middleware class
  make:migration       Create a new migration file
  make:model           Create a new Eloquent model class
  make:notification    Create a new notification class
  make:policy          Create a new policy class
  make:provider        Create a new service provider class
  make:request         Create a new form request class
  make:seeder          Create a new seeder class
  make:test            Create a new test class
 migrate
  migrate:install      Create the migration repository
  migrate:refresh      Reset and re-run all migrations
  migrate:reset        Rollback all database migrations
  migrate:rollback     Rollback the last database migration
  migrate:status       Show the status of each migration
 notifications
  notifications:table  Create a migration for the notifications table
 queue
  queue:failed         List all of the failed queue jobs
  queue:failed-table   Create a migration for the failed queue jobs database table
  queue:flush          Flush all of the failed queue jobs
  queue:forget         Delete a failed queue job
  queue:listen         Listen to a given queue
  queue:restart        Restart queue worker daemons after their current job
  queue:retry          Retry a failed queue job
  queue:table          Create a migration for the queue jobs database table
  queue:work           Start processing jobs on the queue as a daemon
 route
  route:cache          Create a route cache file for faster route registration
  route:clear          Remove the route cache file
  route:list           List all registered routes
 schedule
  schedule:run         Run the scheduled commands
 session
  session:table        Create a migration for the session database table
 storage
  storage:link         Create a symbolic link from "public/storage" to "storage/app/public"
 vendor
  vendor:publish       Publish any publishable assets from vendor packages
 view
  view:clear           Clear all compiled view files

$ php artisan list

Laravel Framework 5.4.35

Usage:

command [options] [arguments]

Options:

-h, --help Display this help message

-q, --quiet Do not output any message

-V, --version Display this application version

--ansi Force ANSI output

--no-ansi Disable ANSI output

-n, --no-interaction Do not ask any interactive question

--env[=ENV] The environment the command should run under

-v|vv|vvv, --verbose Increase the verbosity of messages: 1 for normal output, 2 for more verbose output and 3 for debug

Available commands:

clear-compiled Remove the compiled class file

down Put the application into maintenance mode

env Display the current framework environment

help Displays help for a command

inspire Display an inspiring quote

list Lists commands

migrate Run the database migrations

optimize Optimize the framework for better performance

serve Serve the application on the PHP development server

tinker Interact with your application

up Bring the application out of maintenance mode

app

app:name Set the application namespace

auth

auth:clear-resets Flush expired password reset tokens

cache

cache:clear Flush the application cache

cache:forget Remove an item from the cache

cache:table Create a migration for the cache database table

config

config:cache Create a cache file for faster configuration loading

config:clear Remove the configuration cache file

db:seed Seed the database with records

event

event:generate Generate the missing events and listeners based on registration

key

key:generate Set the application key

make

make:auth Scaffold basic login and registration views and routes

make:command Create a new Artisan command

make:controller Create a new controller class

make:event Create a new event class

make:job Create a new job class

make:listener Create a new event listener class

make:mail Create a new email class

make:middleware Create a new middleware class

make:migration Create a new migration file

make:model Create a new Eloquent model class

make:notification Create a new notification class

make:policy Create a new policy class

make:provider Create a new service provider class

make:request Create a new form request class

make:seeder Create a new seeder class

make:test Create a new test class

migrate

migrate:install Create the migration repository

migrate:refresh Reset and re-run all migrations

migrate:reset Rollback all database migrations

migrate:rollback Rollback the last database migration

migrate:status Show the status of each migration

notifications

notifications:table Create a migration for the notifications table

queue

queue:failed List all of the failed queue jobs

queue:failed-table Create a migration for the failed queue jobs database table

queue:flush Flush all of the failed queue jobs

queue:forget Delete a failed queue job

queue:listen Listen to a given queue

queue:restart Restart queue worker daemons after their current job

queue:retry Retry a failed queue job

queue:table Create a migration for the queue jobs database table

queue:work Start processing jobs on the queue as a daemon

route

route:cache Create a route cache file for faster route registration

route:clear Remove the route cache file

route:list List all registered routes

schedule

schedule:run Run the scheduled commands

session

session:table Create a migration for the session database table

storage

storage:link Create a symbolic link from "public/storage" to "storage/app/public"

vendor

vendor:publish Publish any publishable assets from vendor packages

view

view:clear Clear all compiled view files

helloを出力するコントローラを作成する

コントローラはサイトの基本プログラムロジックを処理するバックグランドの要のエースとも言えるプログラムです。どのプログラムも考え始めるスタートをルーティングとコントローラを合わせるところから始めると理解しやすくなります。

$ php artisan make:controller hello                                                              
Controller created successfully.

1 2	$ php artisan make:controller hello Controller created successfully.

この処理を実施したことでコントローラの雛形が作られています。プロジェクト直下のappフォルダーの配下には既にhello用コントローラのboilerplate(雛形)が存在します。　正確には「app/Http/Controllers/Hello.php」と言う設置パスでファイルが生成されているので確認してみましょう。

<?php

namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use Illuminate\Http\Request;

class hello extends Controller
{
    //
}

<?php

namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use Illuminate\Http\Request;

class hello extends Controller

{

}

無事にhelloのクラスができましたね。雛形なので中身の処理はありませんが器はできたことが確認できました。次にルーティングを考えます。結局大本の呼び出しはルータの記述から行われそこにしてしているコントローラが呼び出されます。次の処理はいきなりコントローラを呼び出すのではなくルーターから直接ブラウザへ出力を渡します。表示確認を取ってみましょう。

◯　routes/web.php

<?php

/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Web Routes
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| Here is where you can register web routes for your application. These
| routes are loaded by the RouteServiceProvider within a group which
| contains the "web" middleware group. Now create something great!
|
*/

Route::get('/', function () {
    return view('welcome');
});
                                                                                                                        
Route::get('/hello',function(){
    return 'Hello World!';
});

<?php

|--------------------------------------------------------------------------

| Web Routes

|--------------------------------------------------------------------------

| Here is where you can register web routes for your application. These

| routes are loaded by the RouteServiceProvider within a group which

| contains the "web" middleware group. Now create something great!

Route::get('/', function () {

return view('welcome');

});

Route::get('/hello',function(){

return 'Hello World!';

});

◯　サーバの起動

php artisan serve --host=0.0.0.0 --port=7500
Laravel development server started: <http://0.0.0.0:7500>
[Tue Aug 29 16:41:46 2017] 192.168.5.132:61502 [200]: /favicon.ico
[Tue Aug 29 16:42:12 2017] 192.168.5.132:61551 [200]: /favicon.ico
[Tue Aug 29 16:42:23 2017] 192.168.5.132:61572 [200]: /favicon.ico

php artisan serve --host=0.0.0.0 --port=7500

Laravel development server started: <http://0.0.0.0:7500>

[Tue Aug 29 16:41:46 2017] 192.168.5.132:61502 [200]: /favicon.ico

[Tue Aug 29 16:42:12 2017] 192.168.5.132:61551 [200]: /favicon.ico

[Tue Aug 29 16:42:23 2017] 192.168.5.132:61572 [200]: /favicon.ico

ブラウザから http://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:7500/hello と入力しアクセスしてみましょう。

問題なければブラウザ画面に「Hello World!」と表示されたはずです。今度は直接ブラウザへ返却するのではなく、先程作ったコントローラを経由して返却してみましょう。先程の記述はコメントアウトにします。代わりにhelloコントローラのクラス名とクラスで定義されている処理をさせるターゲット関数を記述します。「クラス名@関数名」のような表現で記述を行います。尚、反転箇所は記述の追加の部分です。

◯ routes/web.php

<?php

/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Web Routes
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| Here is where you can register web routes for your application. These
| routes are loaded by the RouteServiceProvider within a group which
| contains the "web" middleware group. Now create something great!
|
*/

Route::get('/', function () {
    return view('welcome');
});
/*                                                                                                                      
Route::get('/hello',function(){
    return 'Hello World!';
});*/

Route::get('hello', 'Hello@index');

<?php

|--------------------------------------------------------------------------

| Web Routes

|--------------------------------------------------------------------------

| Here is where you can register web routes for your application. These

| routes are loaded by the RouteServiceProvider within a group which

| contains the "web" middleware group. Now create something great!

Route::get('/', function () {

return view('welcome');

});

Route::get('/hello',function(){

return 'Hello World!';

});*/

Route::get('hello', 'Hello@index');

◯ app/Http/cintrollers/Hello.php

<?php

namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use Illuminate\Http\Request;

class Hello extends Controller
{
    public function index()
    {        return 'hello world from controller : )';    }
}

<?php

namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use Illuminate\Http\Request;

class Hello extends Controller

{

public function index()

{ return 'hello world from controller : )'; }

}

再度サーバを起動してhttp://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:7500/hello　へアクセスすると「hello world from controller : )」が表示されましたか？表示されたら成功です。

コントローラからViewを通じて表示させる。

◯　app/Http/Controllers/hello.php

<?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use Illuminate\Http\Request;

class Hello extends Controller
{
    public function index()
    {
        return 'hello world from controller : )';
    }

    public function show($name)
    {
        return view('hello',array('name' => $name));
    }

}

<?php

namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use Illuminate\Http\Request;

class Hello extends Controller

{

public function index()

{

return 'hello world from controller : )';

}

public function show($name)

{

return view('hello',array('name' => $name));

}

◯　routes/web.php

<?php
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Web Routes
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| Here is where you can register web routes for your application. These
| routes are loaded by the RouteServiceProvider within a group which
| contains the "web" middleware group. Now create something great!
|
*/

Route::get('/', function () {
    return view('welcome');
});
/*
Route::get('/hello',function(){
    return 'Hello World!';
});*/

Route::get('hello', 'Hello@index');

Route::get('/hello/{name}', 'Hello@show');

<?php

|--------------------------------------------------------------------------

| Web Routes

|--------------------------------------------------------------------------

| Here is where you can register web routes for your application. These

| routes are loaded by the RouteServiceProvider within a group which

| contains the "web" middleware group. Now create something great!

Route::get('/', function () {

return view('welcome');

});

Route::get('/hello',function(){

return 'Hello World!';

});*/

Route::get('hello', 'Hello@index');

Route::get('/hello/{name}', 'Hello@show');

◯　resources/views/hello.blade.php

<!DOCCTYPE html>
<html>
    <head>        <title>Laravel</title>
        <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:100" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">        <style>
            html, body {                height: 100%;
            }
            body {
                margin: 0;
                padding: 0;                width: 100%;                display: table;
                font-weight: 100;                font-family: 'Lato';
            }

            .container {
                text-align: center;
                display: table-cell;
                vertical-align: middle;
            }

            .content {
                text-align: center;
                display: inline-block;
            }

            .title {
                font-size: 96px;
            }
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
        <div class="container">
            <div class="content">
                <div class="title">Hello {{$name}}, welcome to Laraland! : )</div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>

<!DOCCTYPE html>

<html>

<head> <title>Laravel</title>

html, body { height: 100%;

}

body {

margin: 0;

padding: 0; width: 100%; display: table;

font-weight: 100; font-family: 'Lato';

}

.container {

text-align: center;

display: table-cell;

vertical-align: middle;

}

.content {

text-align: center;

display: inline-block;

}

.title {

font-size: 96px;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<div class="title">Hello {{$name}}, welcome to Laraland! : )</div>

</div>

</body>

</html>

以上の作業が終わったらブラウザから「http://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:7500/hello/[あなたの名前]」でアクセスして見てください。画面上に大きな文字であなたの名前で表示されるはずです。